QuestionHi, can someone please answer all of these experiment questions?Online Practical Activity 2: Population GeneticsPopulation Genetics – PopGen Fishbowl ExperimentsKoi are a domesticated, ornamental breed of wild carp which were developed in Japan. Youwill be investigating a single gene controlling the scale colour and pattern of a variety of Koicalled Kohaku. This trait is codominant meaning the heterozygote looks distinct from the twohomozygotes. The homozygous recessive (rr) is solid white, the heterozygote (Rr) is mottledwhite and orange and the homozygous dominant (RR) is solid orange.Go to:http://virtualbiologylab.org/ModelsHTML5/PopGenFishbowl/PopGenFishbowl.htmlClick through the tutorial to understand how to change the experimental paramaters/In the Experimental design page, use an initial population size of 200 and keep the mortalityrate at 10, carrying capacity at 200, brood size at 10 and Sex-Ratio of Female:Male as 0.5 (forall activities). This will be kept constant throughout the entire activity, you will be onlychanging the ‘Initial ‘R’ Allele Proportion’ and ‘Evolutionary Parameters’.Experiment 1: Hardy Weinberg EquilibriumHardy-Weinberg Equilibrium is used to compare allele frequencies in a population over aperiod of time. To be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, a population of alleles must meet fiverules. There must be:1) No genetic drift2) No migration3) No gene mutations4) No natural selection5) Random matingHardy-Weinberg Equilibrium is an ideal state which scientists can use to measure apopulation’s gene evolution. The population does not need to be in equilibrium to use theHardy-Weinberg equations. In fact, natural populations do not exist in Hardy-WeinbergEquilibrium as there is always at least one of the required rules being breached.The Hardy-Weinberg Equations:p + q = 1p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1p is the frequency of the dominant allele.q is the frequency of the recessive allele.p2 is the frequency of individuals with the homozygous dominant genotype.2pq is the frequency of individuals with the heterozygous genotype.q2 is the frequency of individuals with the homozygous recessive genotype.The model makes the prediction that the proportions of alleles and genotypes will not changefrom one generation providing the population is sufficiently large.Steps:1) Keep the evolutionary parameters all at 0 so the conditions for Hardy-Weinbergequilibrium can be met (migration rate as 0, Migrant R allele Prop. 0, mutation rates at0 and the relative fitness of all genotypes at 1 and assortative mating at 0).2) Set the Initial ‘R’ Allele Proportion to 0.5 (this is p, the frequency of the dominantallele).3) Let the experiment run for ~500 generations (you can speed up the experiment by usingthe fast forward button at the bottom of the screen).4) Record your results.5) Reset the experiment. Change the Initial ‘R’ Allele Proportion to 0.8.6) Let the experiment run for ~500 generations.7) Record your results.Report: Include snapshots of your two results. Use your results to explain if and how theallele frequencies in the population changed over time. Was this what you expected? If itwas not, provide a possible explanation of why this occurred.Experiment 2: Migration rateWhat happens when the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg are not met?Allele proportions can change due to migration of individuals from one population into another.New alleles can be introduced or the existing proportions can be changed.1) Reset the experiment. Keep the evolutionary parameters all at 0 except for the’Migration Rate’, change this to 0.5 and the ‘Migrant ‘R’ Allele Prop’ to 1. This meansthere are orange fish with the genotype RR migrating into the fishbowl. Set the ‘Initial’R’ Allele Proportion’ to 0.5. Let the experiment run for ~500 generations. Record yourresults.2) What happens if the initial frequency of the dominant allele was higher? Reset theexperiment and change the ‘Initial ‘R’ Allele Proportion’ to 0.8. Let the experiment runfor ~500 generations. Record your results.3) What happens when less orange RR fish are migrating into the fishbowl? Reset theexperiment and change the ‘Initial ‘R’ Allele Proportion’ to 0.5 and the ‘MigrationRate’ to 0.1. Let the experiment run for ~500 generations. Record your results.4) What happens when the fish migrating into the fishbowl have the same p frequency asthe fish already in the fishbowl? Reset the experiment and change the ‘Initial ‘R’ AlleleProportion to 0.5′ and the ‘Migration Rate’ to 0.5 and the ‘Migrant ‘R’ allele Prop’ to0.5. Let the experiment run for ~500 generations. Record your results.Report: Include snapshots of your four results. Use your results to explain the effect ofmigration on the allele frequencies in the population over time.Experiment 3: Mutation RateMutations can change allele proportions. The new allele frequency was 0.0 but is now >0.0.1) Reset the experiment. Keep the evolutionary parameters all at 0 except for the’Mutation rate’, change this to 0.01 for R to r. Set the ‘Initial ‘R’ Allele Proportion’ to0.5. Let the experiment run for ~500 generations and record your results.Report: Include a snapshot of your results. Use your results to explain the effect ofmutation on the allele frequencies in the population over time.Experiment 4: Natural SelectionWhen mating success or survival varies among genotypes this can change the allele frequenciesin a population.1) Reset the experiment. Keep the evolutionary parameters all at 0 except for the’Genotype Relative Fitness’, change this to 0.8 for Rr and 0.6 for RR (keep rr at 1). Setthe ‘Initial ‘R’ Allele Proportion’ to 0.5. Let the experiment run for ~500 generationsand record your results.Report: Include a snapshot of your results. Use your results to explain the effect of naturalselection on the allele frequencies in the population over time.Experiment 5: Non-random matingIn non-Random mating individuals choose the genotype or phenotype of their mate relative totheir own phenotype. In positive assortment individuals are more likely to choose a matesimilar to themselves. In negative assortment individuals are more likely to choose a matedifferent to themselves.1) Reset the experiment. Keep the evolutionary parameters all at 0 except for ‘Strength ofAssortment’. Change this to 0.6. Set the ‘Initial ‘R’ Allele Proportion’ to 0.5. Let theexperiment run for ~500 generations and record your results.Report: Include a snapshot of your results. Use your results to explain the effect of nonrandom mating on the allele frequencies and population size.ScienceBiologyBIOL 2343
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